There are two types of memory: Short term memory (STM) and Long term memory (LTM).
Short Term Memory
- George Miller found that short term memory is limited to only 7-bits of information (±2)
- STM has seven slots or bins into which separate items can be placed. Thus, ehen all slots are filled, there is no room for new data.
- Process/technique to increase capacity to recall more information bits: (1) Recoding; (2) Grouping of information; and (3) Maintenance Rehearsal
- STM appears to weaken and disappear very fast (18-30 seconds), but can be prolonged by silently repeating it until it is needed.
- Elaborative Rehearsal - technique that links new information with information already in the LTM to make information more meaningful.
Long Term Memory
- Information is relatively permanent because as new long term memories are formed, older memories are often updated, changed, lost, or revised.
- Classification of Long Term Memory
- Skill Memory - memory for doing learned tasks and is associated with the lower centre of the brain
- Declarative Memory - comprises of facts like names, data, address, place, dates, and ideas; expressed in symbols and words and is associated with the higher brain centre.
- Division of Declarative Memory
- Semantic Memory - mental dictionary of basic knowledge.
- Episodic Memory - record of personal experiences and life events; easily forgotten than semantic memory
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Information processing models consist of a series of stages which represent stages of processing. Input processes are concerned with the analysis of the stimuli. Storage processes cover everything that happens to stimuli internally in the brain and can include coding and manipulation of the stimuli. Output processes are responsible for preparing an appropriate response to a stimulus.
Forgetting
- According to Herman Ebbinghaus, forgetting happens very rapidly after learning.
- Type of memory affects the rate of forgetting.
- Mnemonics - memory aids that help in remembering data accurately.
- Causes of forgetting
- Neural decay
- Interference
- Forgetting is cue-dependent
- Ways to avoid rote learning or learning by repetition.
- Use mental pictures
- Make things meaningful
- Make information meaningful from bizarre, unusual or exaggerated mental associations.
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