Notes on Learning

Learning is a relatively permanent change in behavior that result from exposure or practice provided that the behavioral change is not cause but native response tendencies, maturation or temporary states.

Theories of Learning & their Proponents
1. Classical conditioning (Associative learning) - Ivan Pavlov
2. Connectionism (Trial and error learning) - Edward Thorndike
3. Operant Conditioning (Instrumental Conditioning) - Burrhus F. Skinner
4. Social Learning (Observational learning) - Albert Bandura

Classical Conditioning 

Stages of Classical Conditioning

1.      Before Conditioning
Stage 1 : NS is the Bell ---- no response
            UCS is Food ---- salivation (UCR)

2.      During Conditioning
CS is the Bell ---- UCS is food---salivation (UCR)

3.      After Conditioning
CS in the bell ---- CR is salivation

Phenomena about Classical Conditioning

1. Stimulus Generalization -occurs when something similar o conditioned stimulus creates
 the same responses.
 2. Stimulus Discrimination- occurs when one new stimulus is too different from our original
conditioned stimulus to cause the effect we want.
3. Extinction-occurs when the conditioned stimulus is presented a number of times without the
unconditioned stimulus.
4. Spontaneous Recovery- occurs when there is re-appearance of an extinguished conditioned
response after a rest period.

Connectionism

• 3 Laws on Learning

1. Law of Effect - Reinforcement/satisfier
2. Law of Readiness - Motivation, preparation and proper mind-set
3. Law of Exercise - “Practice makes perfect”

Operant Conditioning 

• Largely based on Thorndike’s law of Effect. 
• Learning happens when organism operates on something or does something to the environment in order to produce a result.

https://wikispaces.psu.edu/download/attachments/56633350/Operant+Conditioning.jpg?version=1&modificationDate=1275002733000

Observational Learning

4 Conditions that should be present for learning to occur:

1. Attention
2. Retention
3. Motor Reproduction
4. Motivation